Meghalaya
Meghalaya is a state in northeastern India known for its high rainfall, rolling hills, and rich tribal cultures. Its name means “abode of clouds” in Sanskrit, reflecting its misty climate and lush landscapes. The state is noted for its biodiversity, living root bridges, and vibrant indigenous heritage.
Key facts
- Capital: Shillong
- Established: 1972 (carved from Assam)
- Area: ~22,429 sq km
- Official languages: English (official), Khasi, Garo, Pnar
- Population: ~3 million (2011 Census)
Geography and climate
Meghalaya lies on the northeastern hill ranges bordering Bangladesh, with the Garo Hills, Khasi Hills, and Jaintia Hills forming its main divisions. It is one of the wettest places on Earth, especially around Mawsynram and Cherrapunji, which receive heavy monsoon rains. Its terrain supports subtropical forests and unique limestone caves.
People and culture
The population is largely composed of the Khasi, Garo, and Jaintia tribes, most of whom follow matrilineal social systems. Cultural identity is expressed through traditional music, dance, and festivals such as Wangala. Christianity is the dominant religion, and English serves as a unifying official language across communities.
Economy and livelihoods
Agriculture remains the mainstay, with rice, maize, and horticultural crops such as oranges and betel leaf. The state also possesses coal and limestone deposits. Tourism has grown around eco-travel, waterfalls, and cultural attractions, with Shillong known as the “Scotland of the East.”
Environment and tourism
Meghalaya’s environment supports rare flora and fauna, protected in reserves such as Balpakram National Park and Nokrek National Park. Visitors are drawn to the living root bridges of Nongriat, Umiam Lake, and clean villages like Mawlynnong. Conservation challenges include deforestation and unregulated mining, which the state addresses through community forestry and eco-friendly policies.
